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OBJECTIVE To optimize the extraction process and to primarily evaluate the anti-anxiety and anti-depression efficacy of polysaccharide from Baihe dihuang decoction. METHODS Based on Plackett-Burman experimental design， using the comprehensive score of yield and content of polysaccharide as indicators， with extraction time， water amount， alcohol precipitation concentration as factors， Box-Behnken response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction process of polysaccharide from Baihe dihuang decoction； and the validation test was conducted. Forty ICR mice were divided into control group， venlafaxine group [positive control， 13.5 mg/（kg·d）]， Baihe dihuang polysaccharide high-dose and low-dose groups [5.28， 2.64 g/（kg·d），by raw material]， with 10 mice in each group （half male and half female）. Administration groups were given corresponding drug solution intragastrically， and control group was given water 10 mL/kg intragastrically， once a day， for 7 test， forced swimming test and tail suspension test were used to evaluate the effects of the extract prepared by the optimal process on the anxiety-like and depression-like behavior of mice； enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the effects of the extract on the levels of neurotransmitter in cerebral tissue of mice. RESULTS The optimal extraction process of Baihe dihuang decoction was： the water amount of 25 times， extract time of 1.5 hours， and alcohol precipitation concentration of 70%. In 3 times of validation test， the average yield and content of polysaccharide were 33.10% and 0.62 mg/mg， the relative deviations of which from the predicted values （36.14% and 0.65 mg/mg） were 8.40% and 4.62% respectively （RSD＜2%， n＝3）. The polysaccharide extract of Baihe dihuang decoction could effectively increase the percentages of open-arms entry， the percentages of open-arms time， the total distance of voluntary activities and the activity distance in central area， and significantly shortened the immobility time of forced swimming test and tail suspension test （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The polysaccharide extract could significantly increase the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine， norepinephrine （except for the Baihe dihuang polysaccharide low-dose group） and gamma-aminobutyric acid in cerebral tissue of mice， while significantly decrease the levels of glutamic acid （except for the Baihe dihuang polysaccharide low-dose group） （P＜0.05 or P＜ 0.01）. CONCLUSIONS The optimized extraction process of polysaccharide from Baihe dihuang decoction is stable and feasible， and the obtained polysaccharide extract has obvious anti-anxiety and anti-depression effect in vivo.
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Objective:To analyzed the characteristics of the cognitive domains of the montreal cognitive assessment(MOCA)scale in cognitively impaired or normal elderly people from the perspective of structural equation modeling(SEM).Methods:There were 335 old individuals in this study, including 166 cognitively normal individuals, 130 patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI)and 39 individuals with dementia.The average age of the individuals was 81.5±9.0.Data on the Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA, Beijing version)were gathered.Following exploratory factor analysis and selection of latent and manifest variables, a structural equation model was established.After assessment of data from the domains of the scale in the elderly, participants were divided into a normal group and a patient group, which formed the basis of the model.Results:The KMO value of the data calculated by exploratory factor analysis was 0.762.The dimensions measured by the scale were divided into four main latent variables: memory, visuospatial execution, language ability and attention.The CMIN value of the overall model was 44.039 and the P value was 0.168.The parameters of the overall model and individual dimensions all indicated a good fit.The model showed that visuospatial execution had the largest impact on cognitive function, with a path coefficient of 0.742, and language ability had the least impact, with a path coefficient of only 0.091.As a latent variable, attention had path coefficients of 0.372 and 0.236 for memory, 1.663 and 1.102 for visuospatial execution, and 1.090 and 0.798 for language ability, respectively, for the two groups, with clear statistically significant differences between the groups(all P<0.05). Conclusions:SEM can improve researchers' overall understanding of the impacts of the individual components of the scale and their use and interpretation of the scale.
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Objective To explore the probability to unify the scores of different neuropsychological scales under the guideline of item response theory (IRT).Methods Two hundred and three old individuals with a mean age of (80.86±9.52) years were enrolled in this study,including 101 normal individuals and 102 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).The data of cognitive ability assessed using MoCA and MMSE scales were collected and analyzed according to IRT with Stata 14.0 software.The population,qualitative data,and scaled data were analyzed by Hybrid model,2PL model,and GRM model,respectively.Finally,model fitting was conducted in these data.We used test characteristic curves(TCC)to calculate corresponding theta values of the scores of MMSE and MoCA,and draw cartograms after fitting the model.Results The data of MoCA and MMSE conformed to the characteristics of unidimension.The scores of MoCA and MMSE were 26.37 ±2.63 and 29.06±1.32,respectively,in the normal group,and those were 21.57±3.47 and 26.62± 2.89,respectively,in the MCI group.The Log likelihood for the fitting model of MoCA and MMSE was-1 670.9012 and-773.9797,respectively.The TCC indicated that the score of MoCA was lower than that of MMSE at the same level of theta value.The TCC of the two scales were both steep at first,and then became flat.In evaluating the cognition ability,the MoCA score was more precise than MMSE score,and MMSE score was easier to show ceiling effect than MoCA score.Conclusions Under the guideline of item response theory,we can unify the scores of two scales in order to make the scores of two scales fit with each other and be in common use during study and research.
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Purpose:To investigate the roles of artesunate on the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric carcinoma cells,also to explore it s possible mechanism of anticancer effects. Methods:The inhibition on the proliferation of cultured stomach carcinoma cell line(MGC-803) was observed by using MTT analysis.and apo ptosis was assessed by flow cytometry together with transmission electron micros copy.Using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction,the expression of sur vivin mRNA was evaluated before and after action of artesunate on malignant cell s. Results:The proliferation of MGC-803 was inhibited notably by artesunate with a dosage-dependant character(P